Air Quality
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Air Quality Articles
Below is a list of articles that have been published on this topic.
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Cementing Emissions
Intra-Urban Air Temperature Variation
Changing Land Use
2012-11-27 EHS News: As the world population has just passed the seven billion mark, there will be a proportional increase in global energy demands. In 2011 the International Energy Agency (IEA) projected a significant i
Diode Laser Systems In Gas Measurement
The online analysis of biogas has increased in importance with the increasing use of anaerobic digestion and the use of biogas to generate revenues. Fully automated gas analysis systems can help the operator maximise output, verify data, and give warnings of out of range parameters to safeguard installed plant.
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A Month in Monitoring
A Month in Monitoring [Sep 2012]. Published in AWE International - Air, Water & Environmental monitoring, analysis and control of industrial process emissions in Europe and the Middle East. AWE International (Air, Water and Environment) is the only A4 glossy magazine that reports to Europe and the Middle East on matters relevant to the environmental analysis industry.
Metals in the Environment
Metals in the Environment [Sep 2012]. Published in AWE International - Air, Water & Environmental monitoring, analysis and control of industrial process emissions in Europe and the Middle East. AWE International (Air, Water and Environment) is the only A4 glossy magazine that reports to Europe and the Middle East on matters relevant to the environmental analysis industry.
The Nuances of Odour Nuisance
The Nuances of Odour Nuisance [Sep 2012]. Published in AWE International - Air, Water & Environmental monitoring, analysis and control of industrial process emissions in Europe and the Middle East. AWE International (Air, Water and Environment) is the only A4 glossy magazine that reports to Europe and the Middle East on matters relevant to the environmental analysis industry.
Air Quality Impacts of Shale Gas Extraction
The arrival of commercial shale gas exploration in Europe, on the back of its success in the United States, has already proven controversial. There are large reserves and its successful production is likely to be welcomed in terms of its impact on energy supply and prices. In the Unites States (US) gas prices have dropped by almost an order of magnitude over recent years, and continue to drop - a very different picture to that experienced in Europe until recently.
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Measuring Stack Gas Emissions [Mar 2012]
The Environment Agency has issued Technical Guidance Note (TGN) M22, within its series of monitoring TGNs, to provide guidance on necessary requirements when using manual extractive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic instruments to measure emissions of pollutants from industrial stacks. It is not applicable to FTIR used for continuous emissions monitoring.
Gas Detection Technology
Enormous quantities of greenhouse gases (GHG) exist within Arctic ice and frozen soils, so with the threat of global warming, a clear understanding of the relationship between GHG in the atmosphere and in the ice/soil is vital, because melting of permafrost could cause a dangerous climate tipping point.
Gas Chromatography Sampling Emissions
The government’s Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 2007 sets national air quality standards to protect human health, and is the main policy instrument for improving air quality. Policies set out in the strategy support the achievement of national air quality objectives and EU air quality limit values.
Monitoring The Air We Breathe
The air that we breathe needs to be regularly monitored and assessed to ensure ongoing quality of life. There are proven links between pollution and adverse effects on our health as well as on environmental sustainability. Therefore, we need to ensure that the amounts of pollutants in the air do not go above levels where they become dangerous to our health or to the environment.
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Benzene Monitoring
Environmental concerns continue to exert downward pressure on the detection limits of monitoring systems. Benzene, along with other aromatics, is coming under increasing scrutiny in the European Union, and the United States is also re-examining current permissible levels.
Continuous Odour Monitoring
Composting sites generate odour nuisances along the site boundaries. The setting up of a continuous odour monitoring system based on eNose technology means operators can get a better understanding of the way unpleasant odour incidents occur and do something about their process to reduce emissions.
Portable Gas Detectors for Landfill Gases
The key to success is understanding the monitoring environment, and the specific benefits and limitations of the sensors selected. Anyone who has ever visited or driven by a sanitary landfill is aware that they are frequently associated with the presence of (often) very smelly gases. As unpleasant as the odours can be, there is far more going on than can be detected by human senses.
Environmental Management - The Nitrogen Dioxide Challenge
Achieving the EU limit values for the protection of human health has proved difficult, particularly for NO2 and to a lesser extent PM10, by Dr Claire Holman, Chair, Air Panel, Chartered Institute of Water and Environmental Management, based on the Panel’s Policy Position Statement on nitrogen dioxide and its evidence to the Environmental Audit Commission investigation on Air Quality.
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Environmental Odour Monitoring
A real-time odour impact monitoring system was installed at the Sivos des 60 Bornes waste water treatment plant (WWTP), which treats the waste water of two towns, St-Hilaire-de-Riez and St-Jean-de-Monts, on the French coast in the region of Vendée. The users’ objective was to minimise odour nuisances generated by pumping stations of the waste-water system and by various components of the WWTP.
Air Quality - an Overview
Today the battle is focused on the local scale. The concentration of pollutants formed from the product of combustion can be accurately predicted, their sources are so many; the effects of more toxic species, heavy metals for example, are harder to monitor as their concentration can vary wildly, both spatially and temporally.
More or Less Air Quality - Monitoring Air Quality at the Personal Scale
A synergistic collision of technologies is offering a new chance to create air quality networks at an affordable cost. Lower power, lower cost GPS plus GSM networking via mobile phone network are combining with improved low cost gas sensors that sense gas concentrations at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels. The result? Low cost air quality networks that can monitor urban air quality in real time.
Wind Measurement
This article will give an overview of the types of wind sensors available for air quality applications. The focus is on the use of ‘in-situ’ sensors rather than remote sensing techniques such as wind radars (often called wind profilers). The article will cover sensor location, a much neglected but critical aspect of wind measurement. This is often as important as the sensors themselves.
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Air Pollution - Monitoring Particulates
Clean air is an essential requirement for the health and wellbeing of both the human race and the environment we live in, but achieving it is a constant battle with air pollution. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), more than two million premature deaths each year can be attributed to the effects of urban outdoor and indoor air pollution, a shocking statistic indeed.
Environmental Monitoring Standards and Methods - Selection of standards for emission monitoring
With the increasing requirement for the installation of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) it is important that capital investment is protected and that instrumentation gives reliable, meaningful and repeatable data. Fitting MCERTS-approved equipment is one element but it is extremely important that the system is verified. The verification process requires the use of standard reference methods to underpin the data.
Something Not To Be Sniffed At
People’s perception of odours is a subjective matter; what one person perceives to be a pleasant odour, someone else may find unpleasant or a nuisance, which makes it difficult to assess and mitigate smells that may constitute an environmental pollutant.
Air Quality Monitoring
This article considers air quality monitoring in the UK, in particular its role in meeting the requirements of the Convention on Long range Transboundary Air Pollution. It will describe the direct monitoring of air pollutants, and also how modelling is used to give a picture for the UK. Finally it will consider another key aspect of air quality - that of monitoring for effects.
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Weather Monitoring and Urban Air Quality
Being able to make good overall estimates, helps to control air quality and implement preventive actions to reduce emissions
Monitoring Heavy Metals
The UK Heavy Metals Monitoring Network measures the concentration of metals in ambient air in order to assess the UK’s compliance with European air quality legislation and the exposure of the general population to potentially harmful compounds. This article describes the operation of the Network, and how its constituent monitoring sites around the UK have recently been reorganised in order to ensure compliance with European legislation.
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
The topic of monitoring stationary sources emissions is very broad and many books have been published on the subject. This article is aimed at giving an overview of some of the techniques employed.
Automated Analysis of PAHs by HPLC
Automated solid phase extraction (SPE) has been combined with HPLC and fluorescence detection for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples. This approach offers lower operating costs and improved productivity as sample numbers increase.
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Air Quality - Cleared for Take-Off
Although you can’t open a window or pop outside for air at 30,000 feet, passenger aircraft cabins have many similarities with modern offices in the environmental problems they face. Both aircraft and office buildings attempt to balance energy efficiency with other needs such as adequate ventilation, clean air, and acceptable temperature and humidity levels. In both environments the goal of energy efficiency is achieved by decreasing the amount of outside air drawn into the ventilation system and hoping for an acceptable balance between health and efficiency.
Landfill Gas Projects Under The CDM
The climate is changing. This poses a serious threat to the world’s environment, and is expected to negatively impact on human activities. Today it is widely accepted amongst the scientific community that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are a key cause of the changes in the Earth’s climate over the last 100 years and that prompt action is necessary. Responses to climate change range from efforts made by individuals and firms to reduce their carbon footprints, to unprecedented international cooperation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This article looks in detail at one of these international actions - the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which involves the implementation of emission reducing projects in developing countries - with a focus on how landfill gas projects are being given a much-needed boost in developing countries.
Air Quality Monitoring
We would all like to gaze into a crystal ball to see how the industry is going to develop but we do know of forthcoming standards and legislation which will affect the way we operate. European standards developed by CEN have a mandatory requirement and must be adopted by all states within the European Union.
Dry Chemical Odour Scrubbers
Dry chemical scrubbers are uniquely suited for use in collection system pump stations and in waste water treatment plants for the control of odours. They are inherently simple in their operation and function continuously without operator attention for extended periods of time. This type of scrubber, through the use of specialised gas-phase or dry-scrubbing air filtration media types(medias), is essentially able to achieve the complete removal of odours without the need for additional dilution air.
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Continuous Emissions Monitoring
Air pollution is an important issue of concern to the general public as exposure to low levels of some toxic species emitted by industrial processes may be hazardous to human health or impact adversely on the environment. This article describes how the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), a National Measurement Institute (NMI) in the UK supported by the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS), has been involved in assisting Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the development of the next generation of novel continuous emissions monitors (CEMs).
Air Emission Monitoring
The effects of the EU Directives are being felt by all involved in the majority of industry. One of the key elements of the directives is the requirement for quality monitoring data not only for compliance testing but also for calibration of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS).
Continuous Particulate Emissions Monitoring
The subject of Continuous Particulate emission monitoring to satisfy regulatory requirements is of relatively new interest as a result of recent changes in legislation. Historically regulators were concerned with the visual impact of the discharge from a stack and therefore emission limits were expressed in terms of colour or opacity. However with the advent of emission limits for a process being defined in terms of mass concentration (expressed in mg/ m3) the issue of continuous particulate monitoring has become a new and growing regulatory requirement.
Getting the Measure of Methane
Methane makes money. It generates energy revenues, carbon credits and is part of bio-treatment sludge processing. In most of the world it has only just begun. Measuring what we are doing and being responsible with this potentially damaging greenhouse gas makes good sense.
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Heavy Metals Monitoring
The need for air quality measurements has many drivers including: measuring the exposure of the general population to a variety of toxic compounds; informing policy development, assessing compliance with legislative target values. The measurement infrastructure must be able to readily respond to rapidly changing requirements such as the specification of new pollutants, or assessment of episodes e.g. trans-boundary pollution events. In particular, the determination of the total concentrations of metals in ambient air is of great importance within this framework.
Humidity Measurement
The concept of humidity starts with basic thermodynamics. According to the phase rule, for a system in phase equilibrium:
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
There has never been such a wide range of analysers and systems available for continuous emissions monitoring from industrial processes as there is today. In the UK there are many manufacturers and distributors offering CEMS (continuous emissions monitoring systems) using a variety of technologies. These include Ultraviolet (UV) and Infrared (IR) absorption, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), chemiluminescence and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) for gaseous species as well as various techniques for particulate monitors.
Gas Detection In The Environment
Awareness of air pollution issues is everywhere
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Asbestos Testing & Airborne Fibre Monitoring
Quality control requirements and scientific testing methods
Measuring CO2 from Our Breathing Soil
The increase of the global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is by many scientists regarded as the most severe environmental problem we are facing today because of its impact on the global warming and consequential effects such as possible sea level rise, retreat of glaciers, changes in intensities of tropical cyclones and severe local storm activity.
Sorbent Technology
Whether you are already using sorbents in some format, or whether this application is a new concept to you, it is interesting to see how the simple sorbent tube started out - the work and research involved to create a device many of us now take for granted.
Emissions Trading
The formulation of a market needs a buyer and a seller and, at times, due to high transaction costs, a specialised broker.
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